![]() ![]() Commercially available NGS technologies produce high throughput short reads than the Sanger method. Sequence database of non-model organisms have effectively been expanded using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. With the receptor evolution even apparent among jawed vertebrates, the cartilaginous fishes prove to be a striking dichotomy with respect to immune receptors,. Evidence does point to the development of specific immune responses evolved from this species and hence sharks are considered as a species of “immunologist's delight”. Cartilaginous fishes including sharks have also evolved unique physiological adaptations to survive in marine environment. Significant research on various aspects has been carried out with the small sharks to gain more understanding on this species. In this context, among the extant animals, studies on the chondrichthyans considered to be the ancestors of the jawed vertebrates are important and would provide new insights in understanding various aspects of evolution of complex vertebrate systems and their applications in modern biology. They have been evolving independently after they diverged from a common ancestor460–520 million years ago and hence represent distinct lineages. The cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyans) include two major groups namely the holocephalans (chimaeras with fixed upper jaw) and elasmobranchs (includes skates, rays and sharks with protractible upper jaw) that are interesting, phylogenetically important and oldest group of living vertebrates. Hence this does not alter the authors' adherence to all PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Ltd., Cochin, and they have helped in processing the sample and some analysis of the authors' results. Preeti, the authors of this manuscript, are employed by SciGenom Labs Pvt. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: R. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The authors thank ICAR-NAIP for funding this study (C30018) and TANUVAS for all facilities to carry out his work. Received: NovemAccepted: Published: June 23, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Krishnaswamy Gopalan et al. PLoS ONE 9(6):Įditor: Kenneth Söderhäll, Uppsala University, Sweden ![]() (2014) Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Higher Vertebrate Orthologous of Intra-Cytoplasmic Pattern Recognition Receptors in Grey Bamboo Shark. The generated transcriptome will be a valuable resource to further genetic and genomic research in elasmobranchs.Ĭitation: Krishnaswamy Gopalan T, Gururaj P, Gupta R, Gopal DR, Rajesh P, Chidambaram B, et al. ![]() We also predicted the domains structures of some of the identified pattern recognition receptors, their phylogenetic relationship with lower and higher vertebrates and the complete downstream signaling mediators of classical dsRNA signaling pathway. Few of the candidate genes were selected to analyze their expression levels in various tissues by real-time PCR and also localization of a receptor by in-situ PCR to validate the prediction. MEGAN4 annotation pipeline revealed immune and signalling pathways including cell adhesion molecules, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, T-cell receptor signalling pathway and chemokine signaling pathway to be highly expressed in spleen, while different metabolism pathways such as amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and xenobiotic biodegradation were highly expressed in kidney. The longest transcript was 16,974 bases with matched to HECT domain containing E3 ubiqutin protein ligase. With a cut off of > = 300 bp and an expression value of >1RPKM we used 43,385 transcripts for BLASTX analysis which revealed 17,548 transcripts matching to the NCBI nr database with an E-value of < = 10 −5 and similarity score of 40%. In an attempt to bridge this deficit we generated the transcriptome from the spleen and kidney tissues (a total of 1,606,172 transcripts) of the shark, Chiloscyllium griseum using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. ![]() From an immunologist perspective, sharks are an important group of jawed cartilaginous fishes and survey of the public database revealed a great gap in availability of large-scale sequence data for the group of Chondrichthyans the elasmobranchs. ![]()
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